On the theories of knowledge and the factors that affect human knowledge.
On the theories of knowledge and the factors that affect human knowledge.
To
understand the philosophy and psychology of knowledge, we must focus on
the theories of knowledge and the factors that affect human. When we
say “Knowledge is power”, it definitely means that when we are armed
with knowledge, we feel the power of the world in us. Knowledge makes us
powerful and strong and that is why, it is so important. Some people
think money is power. Not true. Say if you leave this planet and go to
live on Mars. Your currencies and all the money will be of no use. But
if you have enough knowledge on how to survive the planetary conditions
on Mars, that will help you to stay alive.
We must first try to
understand “what is knowledge?”. There is no general consensus on what
knowledge is or how it is acquired. Knowledge is derived from “to know”
and knowing can be believing something to be true. But is belief the
same as knowledge? Not really. Because you may believe in ghosts or
spirits, but do not really know who or what these spirits are. But you
know that the earth rotates once in 24 hours because there is scientific
evidence. You know that the tree in your garden will bear fruit during
certain times of the year so you believe that you will get the fruits
during that time. So, what we see here is that all knowledge creates
belief, but all belief is not knowledge.
So the next question is
obviously “how is Knowledge acquired?” To answer this question, we need
to understand the different theories of knowledge.
Theories of Knowledge
Empiricism or Empirical Analysis
Among
the most influential theories of knowledge is empiricism or empirical
knowledge, Empiricism was developed as a theory to describe scientific
or observational knowledge. So empirical knowledge is knowledge gained
via observation or by use of the senses. This is the method of
scientific inquiry as you use observation or the power of the senses to
derive knowledge. Scientific experimentation uses the observational
method and the experimental method or analysis is finally based on the
senses. What you see, hear, touch, smell or taste helps in gaining
knowledge. But is this the ultimate or only knowledge? No, because our
senses are limited. So knowledge gained from scientific data could be
limited.
Rationalism or Logical Analysis
Another
form of knowledge is knowledge gained through rational analysis or
logic. Logical analysis is what you do when you reach a logical
conclusion from a set of data or principles. For example, when you have
symptoms of high temperature, headaches, weakness etc, you come to a
logical analysis that you are ill. When you see an overcast sky, black
clouds and predictions of rain on the television, you come to a logical
analysis that it will rain and you must carry your umbrella or raincoat.
We consider certain premises or factors, try to understand their
interrelationships and then reach logical conclusions. So, rational
analysis is also a method of knowledge because you use facts or factors
to know something or derive a conclusion.
Experientialism or Experiential Analysis
Experientialism
is experiential knowledge or knowledge derived from experience. The
term was first propagated by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980. Experientialism
is experiential knowledge, so it is possible to suggest that we
actively analyze our experiences to derive knowledge and understanding
from these experiences. You know from your experience that an aircraft
accelerates its speed on the runway before takeoff, or that soaking in
the rain may give you chills. You know from your experience that your
dog will greet you excitedly when you reach home but your wife may not
be too excited. This is experiential knowledge.. Experiential Knowledge
is important in understanding the Psychology of Knowledge as human
experiences are at the core of many psychological theories, including
psychoanalysis.
Literalism or Literal Analysis
Knowledge
is often gained from an obvious source – books. I call this literalism
or literal analysis as this may not be related to critical or literary
analysis, but a literal analysis of what you have read or understood.
Books, papers,internet sources and the written word help us to gain
significant knowledge about the world. This is what we can describe as
literary or literal analysis and the process of gaining knowledge is
literalism. We are either critical of what we read or we accept what we
read. Either way, we learn and gain knowledge from all reading sources
and this is an important method of acquiring knowledge. When you
systematically study the Psychology of Human Knowledge, you must
consider how the individual acquired knowledge from books, papers,
internet or other sources. The knowledge acquired during adolescent or
young adult years is very significant, as this will shape the mind and
create or influence thinking. So, when you are studying the mind of a
terrorist, try to understand what reading sources may have influenced
him. Some people are more influenced by what they read, rather than what
they experience or hear. The power of the book or the internet is
immense. Reading creates beliefs and there may not be any rational
explanation as to why certain people believe in certain things although
reading greatly influences thinking.
Innatism or Internal Analysis
This
type of knowledge is about inner knowing or happens due to the internal
processing of the knowledge already embedded in us. Plato, Greek
philosophers, other ancient philosophers and prophets have repeatedly
emphasized the knowledge of the soul. Internal analysis is about
knowledge that already exists within us or knowledge that we are born
with. Call it the Jungian collective unconscious or call it the soul,
internal analysis is about gaining access to the knowledge embedded deep
within us. So this is the innate knowledge or wisdom and one of the
most important types of knowledge that could be considered a priori or
not acquired through observation or experience. To understand innate
knowledge, psychologists must study wisdom and the soul knowledge of
prodigies. Some prodigies are born with a powerful soul or innate
knowledge and show their remarkable abilities only a few years after
birth. Studying the talents and wisdom of prodigies would provide
significant insights on the soul knowledge of human beings. Nurturing
this knowledge would be essential to developing talents in children and
wisdom in adults.
I will now move on to the factors in knowledge.
What are the factors that affect human knowledge? The theories of
knowledge show how knowledge is acquired, but the factors help us to
identify the mechanisms or processes responsible for human knowledge.
Knowledge is about habit, maybe your reading habits or your writing
which will help you to develop knowledge, about beliefs and attitudes
that you develop in childhood, about your subjective understanding of
the world, and is largely associated with your interests and
inclinations to know the world in a particular way. If you are a
psychologist, trying to understand the process of knowledge in human
beings, how would you do it? Start with a questionnaire that will
determine the five types of knowledge that are mentioned above.
Determine which type of knowledge has strongly affected the subject and
draw your conclusions on what type of knowledge analysis would best
describe the personality of the individual. It is important to develop a
knowledge analysis model in Psychology considering the five theories I
have described above.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/9893236
To
understand the philosophy and psychology of knowledge, we must focus on
the theories of knowledge and the factors that affect human. When we
say “Knowledge is power”, it definitely means that when we are armed
with knowledge, we feel the power of the world in us. Knowledge makes us
powerful and strong and that is why, it is so important. Some people
think money is power. Not true. Say if you leave this planet and go to
live on Mars. Your currencies and all the money will be of no use. But
if you have enough knowledge on how to survive the planetary conditions
on Mars, that will help you to stay alive.
We must first try to
understand “what is knowledge?”. There is no general consensus on what
knowledge is or how it is acquired. Knowledge is derived from “to know”
and knowing can be believing something to be true. But is belief the
same as knowledge? Not really. Because you may believe in ghosts or
spirits, but do not really know who or what these spirits are. But you
know that the earth rotates once in 24 hours because there is scientific
evidence. You know that the tree in your garden will bear fruit during
certain times of the year so you believe that you will get the fruits
during that time. So, what we see here is that all knowledge creates
belief, but all belief is not knowledge.
So the next question is
obviously “how is Knowledge acquired?” To answer this question, we need
to understand the different theories of knowledge.
Theories of Knowledge
Empiricism or Empirical Analysis
Among
the most influential theories of knowledge is empiricism or empirical
knowledge, Empiricism was developed as a theory to describe scientific
or observational knowledge. So empirical knowledge is knowledge gained
via observation or by use of the senses. This is the method of
scientific inquiry as you use observation or the power of the senses to
derive knowledge. Scientific experimentation uses the observational
method and the experimental method or analysis is finally based on the
senses. What you see, hear, touch, smell or taste helps in gaining
knowledge. But is this the ultimate or only knowledge? No, because our
senses are limited. So knowledge gained from scientific data could be
limited.
Rationalism or Logical Analysis
Another
form of knowledge is knowledge gained through rational analysis or
logic. Logical analysis is what you do when you reach a logical
conclusion from a set of data or principles. For example, when you have
symptoms of high temperature, headaches, weakness etc, you come to a
logical analysis that you are ill. When you see an overcast sky, black
clouds and predictions of rain on the television, you come to a logical
analysis that it will rain and you must carry your umbrella or raincoat.
We consider certain premises or factors, try to understand their
interrelationships and then reach logical conclusions. So, rational
analysis is also a method of knowledge because you use facts or factors
to know something or derive a conclusion.
Experientialism or Experiential Analysis
Experientialism
is experiential knowledge or knowledge derived from experience. The
term was first propagated by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980. Experientialism
is experiential knowledge, so it is possible to suggest that we
actively analyze our experiences to derive knowledge and understanding
from these experiences. You know from your experience that an aircraft
accelerates its speed on the runway before takeoff, or that soaking in
the rain may give you chills. You know from your experience that your
dog will greet you excitedly when you reach home but your wife may not
be too excited. This is experiential knowledge.. Experiential Knowledge
is important in understanding the Psychology of Knowledge as human
experiences are at the core of many psychological theories, including
psychoanalysis.
Literalism or Literal Analysis
Knowledge
is often gained from an obvious source – books. I call this literalism
or literal analysis as this may not be related to critical or literary
analysis, but a literal analysis of what you have read or understood.
Books, papers,internet sources and the written word help us to gain
significant knowledge about the world. This is what we can describe as
literary or literal analysis and the process of gaining knowledge is
literalism. We are either critical of what we read or we accept what we
read. Either way, we learn and gain knowledge from all reading sources
and this is an important method of acquiring knowledge. When you
systematically study the Psychology of Human Knowledge, you must
consider how the individual acquired knowledge from books, papers,
internet or other sources. The knowledge acquired during adolescent or
young adult years is very significant, as this will shape the mind and
create or influence thinking. So, when you are studying the mind of a
terrorist, try to understand what reading sources may have influenced
him. Some people are more influenced by what they read, rather than what
they experience or hear. The power of the book or the internet is
immense. Reading creates beliefs and there may not be any rational
explanation as to why certain people believe in certain things although
reading greatly influences thinking.
Innatism or Internal Analysis
This type of knowledge is about inner knowing or happens due to the internal processing of the knowledge already embedded in us. Plato, Greek philosophers, other ancient philosophers and prophets have repeatedly emphasized the knowledge of the soul. Internal analysis is about knowledge that already exists within us or knowledge that we are born with. Call it the Jungian collective unconscious or call it the soul, internal analysis is about gaining access to the knowledge embedded deep within us. So this is the innate knowledge or wisdom and one of the most important types of knowledge that could be considered a priori or not acquired through observation or experience. To understand innate knowledge, psychologists must study wisdom and the soul knowledge of prodigies. Some prodigies are born with a powerful soul or innate knowledge and show their remarkable abilities only a few years after birth. Studying the talents and wisdom of prodigies would provide significant insights on the soul knowledge of human beings. Nurturing this knowledge would be essential to developing talents in children and wisdom in adults.
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